Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia (AIHA)
In hemolytic anaemia, a loss of red blood cells (rbcs) occurs due to
destruction of the rbcs. The destruction occurs due to antibodies
which stick to the rbc and cause the body to react, leading to
destruction of the cell. This can be the direct result of a drug,
toxin, blood parasite, virus or other primary cause or it can be an
unexplained immune mediated reaction. It can occur inside the blood
stream (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the bloodstream
(extravascular hemolysis). In most cases in dogs, hemolysis occurs
outside the blood stream in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The
destruction of red blood cells often leaves recognizable cellular
debris in the blood stream. In particular, a form of damaged rbc
known as a spherocyte occurs. Finding spherocytes on a blood smear
almost guarantees that some form of hemolytic anaemia is occurring.
It does not really give a clue as to whether the IMHA is due to a
primary cause or if it is occurring for no apparent reason, though.
Since this disorder does not stop the production of red blood cells,
there are usually immature red blood cells in the bloodstream which
can be detected on the blood smears as well (a regenerative anaemia).
The mechanism by which the immune system mistakes red blood cells
for a "foreign invader" varies somewhat according to the cause. It
usually involves adherence of the offending agent (parasite, drug,
toxin, etc) to the surface of the rbc. The immune system wishes to
attack this agent but manages to injure the rbc as well.
Dogs with IMHA usually experience a sudden onset of clinical signs,
including depression, lethargy, pale gums or conjunctiva, sometimes
jaundice or a heart murmur and bruising. Vomiting or abdominal pain
may be present. It is unusual for overt blood loss to occur, such as
nose bleeds or excessive bleeding from a minor injury. Death can
occur rapidly, even with appropriate treatment.
Whenever hemolytic anaemia is present it is wise to carefully rule
out initiating causes that might be treatable. Examples of problems
that can lead to hemolytic anaemia include ehrlichiosis (a blood
parasite), reactions to sulfa antiseptics or penicillin antibiotics,
zinc toxicosis -- which can occur due to the ingestion of pennies.
If any of these problems can be identified and treated the prognosis
is much better.
The combination of clinical signs and spherocytes on a blood smear
give a strong indication of this condition very rapidly. It can be
confirmed using a Coomb's test to check for antibodies adhered to
red blood cells. This test is usually done at body temperature and
at a colder temperature (4 degrees Celsius). A small percentage of
dogs that have IMHA will not test positive on the Coomb's test.
This condition will often respond well to very high doses of
corticosteroids, such as prednisone. These medications suppress the
immune system, allowing the rbcs to escape destruction. Improvement
usually occurs within 1 to 3 days, if the dog is going to respond.
If signs of icterus (jaundice) are present, the prognosis is usually
worse. Dogs with this symptom may benefit from very aggressive
treatment with anticoagulants and cyclophosphamide, a potent immune
system inhibitor. Blood transfusions can be used in dogs with IMHA
if necessary but they can make the condition worse so most vets
reserve this approach for dogs that appear to be in imminent danger
of dying due to severe anaemia. It is necessary to treat most dogs
for a fairly long time to prevent recurrence of the disease and some
dogs seem to require lifelong use of corticosteroids or other
immunosuppressants. Splenectomy is done in resistant cases since it
is a major site of red blood cell destruction.
The Basenji, West Highland White terrier, English Springer spaniel,
Alaskan malamute, poodle and beagle breeds can be congenitally
predisposed to this condition due to defects in enzymes (such as
pyruvate kinase) or in the red blood cells.
